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Essential knowledge 3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheritance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
a. Rules of probability can be applied to analyze passage of single gene traits from parent to offspring.
b. Segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes result in
genetic variation.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each
of the following:
1. Segregation and independent assortment can be applied to
genes that are on different chromosomes.
2. Genes that are adjacent and close to each other on the same
chromosome tend to move as a unit; the probability that they
will segregate as a unit is a function of the distance between
them.
3. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked,
and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can
often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/
phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the
inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes,
such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can
choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington’s disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
d. Many ethical, social and medical issues surround human genetic
disorders.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can
choose an illustrative example such as:
• Reproduction issues
• Civic issues such as ownership of genetic information, privacy,
historical contexts, etc.
Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot
be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
a. Many traits are the product of multiple genes and/or physiological processes.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:
1. Patterns of inheritance of many traits do not follow ratios predicted by Mendel’s laws and can be identified by quantitative analysis, where observed phenotypic ratios statistically differ from the predicted ratios.
b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
Illustrative example:
• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans).
• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes.
• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.
• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males.
c. Some traits result from nonnuclear inheritance.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each
of the following:
1. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are randomly assorted to gametes and daughter cells; thus, traits determined by chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA do not follow simple Mendelian rules.
2. In animals, mitochondrial DNA is transmitted by the egg and not by sperm; as such, mitochondrial-determined traits are maternally inherited.
✘✘ Epistasis and pleiotropy are beyond the scope of the course and
the AP Exam.
a. Rules of probability can be applied to analyze passage of single gene traits from parent to offspring.
b. Segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes result in
genetic variation.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each
of the following:
1. Segregation and independent assortment can be applied to
genes that are on different chromosomes.
2. Genes that are adjacent and close to each other on the same
chromosome tend to move as a unit; the probability that they
will segregate as a unit is a function of the distance between
them.
3. The pattern of inheritance (monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked,
and genes linked on the same homologous chromosome) can
often be predicted from data that gives the parent genotype/
phenotype and/or the offspring phenotypes/genotypes.
c. Certain human genetic disorders can be attributed to the
inheritance of single gene traits or specific chromosomal changes,
such as nondisjunction.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can
choose an illustrative example such as:
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington’s disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
d. Many ethical, social and medical issues surround human genetic
disorders.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can
choose an illustrative example such as:
• Reproduction issues
• Civic issues such as ownership of genetic information, privacy,
historical contexts, etc.
Essential knowledge 3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot
be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
a. Many traits are the product of multiple genes and/or physiological processes.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following:
1. Patterns of inheritance of many traits do not follow ratios predicted by Mendel’s laws and can be identified by quantitative analysis, where observed phenotypic ratios statistically differ from the predicted ratios.
b. Some traits are determined by genes on sex chromosomes.
Illustrative example:
• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans).
• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes.
• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males.
• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males.
c. Some traits result from nonnuclear inheritance.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each
of the following:
1. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are randomly assorted to gametes and daughter cells; thus, traits determined by chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA do not follow simple Mendelian rules.
2. In animals, mitochondrial DNA is transmitted by the egg and not by sperm; as such, mitochondrial-determined traits are maternally inherited.
✘✘ Epistasis and pleiotropy are beyond the scope of the course and
the AP Exam.
![Picture](/uploads/1/1/6/4/11645333/569358.gif)
Homework: due Thursday BOP
- practice genetics packet.
- Cliffs- 101-121
Go over Chi square-
- Finish chi square packet.
- Calculate chi square for indian corn lab. What conclusion can be drawn?
Non-Mendelian patterns of inheritance:
- incomplete dominance
- codominance
- Multiple alleles
- polygenic inheritance
- Sex-linked inheritance
What is nondisjunction?
Look up the following genetic disorders and be able to explain their cause, symptoms, mode of inheritance, and Treatment.
• Sickle cell anemia
-Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington’s disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
Look up the following genetic disorders and be able to explain their cause, symptoms, mode of inheritance, and Treatment.
• Sickle cell anemia
-Tay-Sachs disease
• Huntington’s disease
• X-linked color blindness
• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome
• Klinefelter’s syndrome